1. Formulae, Functional Groups, and Terminology

2. Draw and interpret the displayed formula of a molecule to show all the atoms and all the bonds
3. Write and interpret general formulae of compounds in the same homologous series, limited to:
4. (a) alkanes, CnH2n+2
5. (b) alkenes, CnH2n
6. (c) alcohols, CnH2n+1OH
7. (d) carboxylic acids, CnH2n+1COOH
8. Identify a functional group as an atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a homologous series
9. State that a structural formula is an unambiguous description of the way the atoms in a molecule are arranged, including CH2=CH2, CH3CH2OH, CH3COOCH3
10. Define structural isomers as compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae, including C4H10 as CH3CH2CH2CH3 and CH3CH(CH3)CH3 and C4H8 as CH3CH2CH=CH2 and CH3CH=CHCH3
11. State that a homologous series is a family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group
12. Describe the general characteristics of a homologous series as:
13. (a) having the same functional group
14. (b) having the same general formula
15. (c) differing from one member to the next by a –CH2– unit
16. (d) displaying a trend in physical properties
17. (e) sharing similar chemical properties
18. State that a saturated compound has molecules in which all carbon–carbon bonds are single bonds
19. State that an unsaturated compound has molecules in which one or more carbon–carbon bonds are not single bonds

20. Naming Organic Compounds

21. Name and draw the displayed formulae of:
22. (a) methane and ethane
23. (b) ethene
24. (c) ethanol
25. (d) ethanoic acid
26. State the type of compound present, given a chemical name ending in -ane, -ene, -ol, or -oic acid or from a molecular formula or displayed formula
27. Name and draw the structural and displayed formulae of unbranched:
28. (a) alkanes
29. (b) alkenes, including but-1-ene and but-2-ene
30. (c) alcohols, including propan‑1‑ol, propan‑2‑ol, butan‑1‑ol, and butan‑2‑ol
31. (d) carboxylic acids containing up to four carbon atoms per molecule
32. Name and draw the displayed formulae of the unbranched esters which can be made from unbranched alcohols and carboxylic acids, each containing up to four carbon atoms

33. Fuels

34. Name the fossil fuels: coal, natural gas, and petroleum
35. Name methane as the main constituent of natural gas
36. State that hydrocarbons are compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only
37. State that petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons
38. Describe the separation of petroleum into useful fractions by fractional distillation
39. Describe how the properties of fractions obtained from petroleum change from the bottom to the top of the fractionating column, limited to:
40. (a) decreasing chain length
41. (b) higher volatility
42. (c) lower boiling points
43. (d) lower viscosity
44. Name the uses of the fractions as:
45. (a) refinery gas fraction for gas used in heating and cooking
46. (b) gasoline / petrol fraction for fuel used in cars
47. (c) naphtha fraction as a chemical feedstock
48. (d) kerosene / paraffin fraction for jet fuel
49. (e) diesel oil / gas oil fraction for fuel used in diesel engines
50. (f) fuel oil fraction for fuel used in ships and home heating systems
51. (g) lubricating oil fraction for lubricants, waxes, and polishes
52. (h) bitumen fraction for making roads

53. Alkanes

54. State that the bonding in alkanes is single covalent and that alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons
55. Describe the properties of alkanes as being generally unreactive, except in terms of combustion and substitution by chlorine
56. State that in a substitution reaction one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms
57. Describe the substitution reaction of alkanes with chlorine as a photochemical reaction, with ultraviolet light providing the activation energy, Ea, and draw the structural or displayed formulae of the products, limited to monosubstitution

58. Alkenes

59. State that the bonding in alkenes includes a double carbon–carbon covalent bond and that alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons
60. Describe the manufacture of alkenes and hydrogen by the cracking of larger alkane molecules using a high temperature and a catalyst
61. Describe the reasons for the cracking of larger alkane molecules
62. Describe the test to distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons by their reaction with aqueous bromine
63. State that in an addition reaction only one product is formed
64. Describe the properties of alkenes in terms of addition reactions with:
65. (a) bromine or aqueous bromine
66. (b) hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst
67. (c) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
68. and draw the structural or displayed formulae of the products

69. Alcohols

70. Describe the manufacture of ethanol by:
71. (a) fermentation of aqueous glucose at 25–35 °C in the presence of yeast and in the absence of oxygen
72. (b) catalytic addition of steam to ethene at 300 °C and 6000 kPa / 60 atm in the presence of an acid catalyst
73. Describe the combustion of ethanol
74. State the uses of ethanol as:
75. (a) a solvent
76. (b) a fuel
77. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the manufacture of ethanol by:
78. (a) fermentation
79. (b) catalytic addition of steam to ethene

80. Carboxylic Acids

81. Describe the reaction of ethanoic acid with:
82. (a) metals
83. (b) bases
84. (c) carbonates
85. including names and formulae of the salts produced
86. Describe the formation of ethanoic acid by the oxidation of ethanol:
87. (a) with acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII)
88. (b) by bacterial oxidation during vinegar production
89. Describe the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol using an acid catalyst to form an ester