2. Organisation of the Organism

2 Organisation of the Organism
Cell Structure
1. Describe and compare the structure of a plant cell with an animal cell, limited to: cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, ribosomes, mitochondria, vacuoles.
2. Describe the structure of a bacterial cell, limited to: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, circular DNA, plasmids.
3. Identify the cell structures listed in 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 in diagrams and images of plant, animal, and bacterial cells.
4. Describe the functions of the structures listed in 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 in plant, animal, and bacterial cells.
5. State that new cells are produced by division of existing cells.
6. State that specialised cells have specific functions, limited to:
▪ Ciliated cells – movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi.
▪ Root hair cells – absorption.
▪ Palisade mesophyll cells – photosynthesis.
▪ Neurones – conduction of electrical impulses.
▪ Red blood cells – transport of oxygen.
▪ Sperm and egg cells (gametes) – reproduction.
7. Describe the meaning of the terms: cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism as illustrated by examples given in the syllabus.
Size of Specimens
1. State and use the formula: magnification = image size ÷ actual size.
2. Calculate magnification and size of biological specimens using millimetres as units.
3. Convert measurements between millimetres (mm) and micrometres (μm).
These highlighted terms include key biological structures and concepts that are not typically found in everyday language.

2 Organisation of the Organism

Cell Structure

Size of Specimens