9 Transport in Animals

9 Transport in Animals
1 Circulatory Systems
1. Describe the circulatory system as a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood.
2. State that blood is pumped away from the heart in arteries and returns to the heart in veins.
3. State that the activity of the heart may be monitored by: ECG, pulse rate, and listening to sounds of valves closing.
4. Investigate and describe the effect of physical activity on the heart rate.
5. Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the blockage of coronary arteries and state the possible risk factors including: diet, lack of exercise, stress, smoking, genetic predisposition, age, and sex.
6. Discuss the roles of diet and exercise in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease.
2 Heart
1. Identify in diagrams and images the structures of the mammalian heart, limited to: muscular wall, septum, left and right ventricles, left and right atria, one-way valves, and coronary arteries.
2. Describe the single circulation of a fish.
3. Describe the double circulation of a mammal.
4. Explain the advantages of a double circulation.
5. Identify in diagrams and images the atrioventricular and semilunar valves in the mammalian heart.
6. Explain the relative thickness of:
▪ The muscle walls of the left and right ventricles.
▪ The muscle walls of the atria compared to those of the ventricles.
7. Explain the importance of the septum in separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
8. Describe the functioning of the heart in terms of the contraction of muscles of the atria and ventricles and the action of the valves.
9. Explain the effect of physical activity on the heart rate.
3 Blood Vessels
1. Describe the structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries, limited to: relative thickness of wall, diameter of the lumen, and the presence of valves in veins.
2. State the functions of capillaries.
3. Identify in diagrams and images the main blood vessels to and from the:
▪ Heart, limited to: vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary vein.
▪ Lungs, limited to: pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein.
▪ Kidney, limited to: renal artery and renal vein.
4. Explain how the structure of arteries and veins is related to the pressure of the blood that they transport.
5. Explain how the structure of capillaries is related to their functions.
6. Identify, in diagrams and images, the main blood vessels to and from the liver as: hepatic artery, hepatic veins, and hepatic portal vein.
4 Blood
1. List the components of blood as: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
2. Identify red and white blood cells in photomicrographs and diagrams.
3. State the functions of the following components of blood:
▪ Red blood cells in transporting oxygen, including the role of haemoglobin.
▪ White blood cells in phagocytosis and antibody production.
▪ Platelets in clotting (details are not required).
▪ Plasma in the transport of blood cells, ions, nutrients, urea, hormones, and carbon dioxide.
4. State the roles of blood clotting as preventing blood loss and the entry of pathogens.
5. Identify lymphocytes and phagocytes in photomicrographs and diagrams.
6. State the functions of:
▪ Lymphocytes – antibody production.
▪ Phagocytes – engulfing pathogens by phagocytosis.
7. Describe the process of clotting as the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a mesh.

9 Transport in Animals

1 Circulatory Systems

2 Heart

3 Blood Vessels

4 Blood