1. The Characteristic Properties of Acids and Bases

2. Describe the characteristic properties of acids in terms of their reactions with:
3. (a) metals
4. (b) bases
5. (c) carbonates
6. Describe acids in terms of their effect on:
7. (a) litmus
8. (b) thymolphthalein
9. (c) methyl orange
10. State that bases are oxides or hydroxides of metals and that alkalis are soluble bases
11. Describe the characteristic properties of bases in terms of their reactions with:
12. (a) acids
13. (b) ammonium salts
14. Describe alkalis in terms of their effect on:
15. (a) litmus
16. (b) thymolphthalein
17. (c) methyl orange
18. State that aqueous solutions of acids contain H(^+) ions and aqueous solutions of alkalis contain OH(^-) ions
19. Define acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors
20. Define a strong acid as an acid that is completely dissociated in aqueous solution and a weak acid as an acid that is partially dissociated in aqueous solution
21. State that hydrochloric acid is a strong acid, as shown by the symbol equation,
22. State that ethanoic acid is a weak acid, as shown by the symbol equation
23. Describe how to compare hydrogen ion concentration, neutrality, relative acidity, and relative alkalinity in terms of color and pH using universal indicator paper
24. Describe the neutralisation reaction between an acid and an alkali to produce water,

25. Oxides

26. Classify oxides as acidic, including SO(_2) and CO(_2), or basic, including CuO and CaO, related to metallic and non-metallic character
27. Describe amphoteric oxides as oxides that react with acids and with bases to produce a salt and water
28. Classify Al2O3 and ZnO as amphoteric oxides

29. Preparation of Salts

30. Describe the preparation, separation, and purification of soluble salts by reaction of an acid with:
31. (a) an alkali by titration
32. (b) excess metal
33. (c) excess insoluble base
34. (d) excess insoluble carbonate
35. Describe the general solubility rules for salts:
36. (a) sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts are soluble
37. (b) nitrates are soluble
38. (c) chlorides are soluble, except lead and silver
39. (d) sulfates are soluble, except barium, calcium, and lead
40. (e) carbonates are insoluble, except sodium, potassium, and ammonium
41. (f) hydroxides are insoluble, except sodium, potassium, ammonium, and calcium (partially)
42. Define a hydrated substance as a substance that is chemically combined with water and an anhydrous substance as a substance containing no water
43. Describe the preparation of insoluble salts by precipitation
44. Define the term water of crystallisation as the water molecules present in hydrated crystals, including copper(II) sulfate and cobalt(II) cloride